Research progress of occupational hazards in plywood manufacturing / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Occupational disease hazards in plywood manufacturing mainly include wood dust, formaldehyde, phenol, ammonia, noise, terpene, microorganisms, etc. The exposure is complex with multiple factors accompanied or coexisted. In the production process, these factors are exceeded, and mass occupational disease hazard events occurred among workers. Exposure to wood dust, formaldehyde, terpene, etc., put workers at increased risk of cancer. This article provides a review of this issue in order to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of occupational disease hazards in plywood manufacturing.

Analysis of dust and noise exposure levels in the mining industry from the national surveillance program in 2019 / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To understand the exposure level of dust and noise in the mining industry and provide data support for revising policy for the prevention and control of occupational diseases. Methods: In May 2022, Data was collected through the National Surveillance Program for Occupational Hazards in the Workplace. Descriptive analysis was conducted for dust and noise levels by industry type and enterprise size from 7, 679 enterprises in the mining industry among 29 provincial regions nationwide. Results: The enterprises in the mining industry included in the National Surveillance Program for Occupational Hazards in the Workplace are mainly small and micro, accounting for 47.97% (3684/7679) and 30.00% (230/7679) respectively. The industry is mainly compred of employers in the non-metallic ming and beneficiation industry, accounting for 50.25% (3859/7679). Among the enterprises with silica dust, coal dust, and noise hazards, the proportion of enterprises where total dust concentration and noise intensity exceed the standard is higher than 50%. 30% of the posts are with an exposure level of silica dust, coal dust, and noise that exceeds the standard. The exceedance rate and the median of the time-weighted average concentration of total coal dust among large and medium-sized enterprises are higher than those among small and micro-sized enterprises (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The dust and noise hazards in the mining industry are lower than in the past in China, but more than 25% of workers are still at a high risk of occupational pneumoconiosis and noise deafness. Therefore, intervention and surveillance strategies should be strengthened in the future.

Resiliência associada ao enfrentamento da dor musculoesquelética em profissionais da enfermagem / Resilience is associated with coping with musculoskeletal pain in nursing professionals

A dor musculoesquelética é um problema frequente nos profissionais da enfermagem e várias medidas vêm sendo pesquisadas a fim de diminui-la, entretanto, poucos estudos abordam a influência do aumento da resiliência desses profissionais no controle da sua dor. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar associação entre resiliência e dor musculoesquelética, em diferentes regiões anatômicas, referida por profissionais de enfermagem. Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal com 321 profissionais de enfermagem. Foram utilizados questionário sociodemográfico e laboral, questionário nórdico de sintomas osteomusculares, escala analógica da dor e escala de resiliência. Para análise foi utilizado estatística descritiva e analítica, através dos testes Mann-Whitney U e Kruskal Wallis. Foi verificada relação da dor com características sociodemográficas, laborais e resiliência, analisadas. 261 (81,3%) afirmaram ter apresentado dor musculoesquelética no último ano e as regiões mais acometidas foram partes superior e inferior das costas s e ombros. Identificou-se associação entre intensidade da dor e dor musculoesquelética em todas as regiões corporais investigadas (p < 0,05), idade (p = 0,015), categoria profissional (p = 0,032), tempo de atuação na enfermagem (p = 0,003) e turno de trabalho (p = 0,012), e correlação entre resiliência e dor musculoesquelética no pescoço (p = 0,010) e quadril e coxas (p = 0,009). Sendo assim, a elevada resiliência está associada ao melhor controle da dor musculoesquelética, em especial, na região do pescoço, de enfermeiros.

Musculoskeletal pain is a frequent problem in nursing professionals, and several treatments have been researched to reduce it; however, few studies address the influence of increased resilience of these professionals in controlling their pain. Thus, this study aimed to identify an association between resilience and musculoskeletal pain reported by nursing professionals in different anatomical regions. This is a cross-sectional observational study with 321 nursing professionals. A sociodemographic and work questionnaire, a Nordic musculoskeletal symptoms questionnaire, an analog pain scale, and a resilience scale were used. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used for analysis, using the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests. The relationships between pain and sociodemographic, work, and resilience characteristics were analyzed. 261 (81.3%) reported having had musculoskeletal pain in the last year, and the most affected regions were the upper and lower backs and shoulders. An association was identified between pain intensity and musculoskeletal pain in all investigated body regions (p < 0.05), age (p = 0.015), professional category (p = 0.032), length of experience in nursing (p = 0.003), and work shift (p = 0.012). A correlation was also observed between resilience and musculoskeletal pain in the neck (p = 0.010) and hip and thighs (p = 0.009). Thus, high resilience is associated with better control of musculoskeletal pain among nurses, especially in the neck region.

Results of occupational health examination for gas station workers / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the occupational health status of gas station workers, to analyze the characteristics of early health damage, and to provide a reference for the occupational health monitoring of workers in this industry. Methods The gas station workers who underwent occupational health examination in an occupational health examination institution in Tianjin in 2021were selected as the research subjects. The examination results were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 381 gas station workers were included in this study, with a sex ratio of male to female of 1.40:1. The top three tests with abnormal results from high to low were abdominal color Doppler ultrasound (39.63%), urine routine (29.13%), and blood pressure (23.62%). The detected fatty liver accounted for 74.83% of abnormal abdominal color Doppler ultrasound. Analysis of abnormal results of different genders showed that the detection rate of abnormal blood pressure, fatty liver and liver function in males was higher than that in females (χ2=16.40, 25.40, 15.98，P＜0.05), the detection rate of high GGT in males was significantly higher than that in females (χ2=16.04，P＜0.05）. The detection rate of abnormal urine routine in females was higher than that in males (χ2=12.85，P＜0.05), and the positive rate of urine white blood cells and blood in urine were significantly higher I women than those in men (χ2 =16.80, 11.66，P＜0.05). The abnormal detection rate of electrocardiogram of gas station workers increased with age (χ2=28.02，P＜0.05), and the abnormality of high blood pressure showed an increasing trend with age and working years（χ2=25.00, 15.26，P＜0.05). Conclusion The long-term exposure of gas station workers to chemical toxic substances such as organic solvents and benzene series and physical factors such as high temperature in summer and low temperature in winter will have a certain impact on health. It is suggested that employers should reasonably arrange their work systems and carry out occupational health monitoring in a targeted manner.

Analysis of the regular monitoring of occupational hazards in Guangdong Province in 2022 / 中国职业医学

Objective To analyze the overall situation of regular monitoring of occupational hazards in enterprises in Guangdong Province in 2022. Methods Analysis and quality sampling from enterprises were conducted on the occupational hazard regular monitoring reports submitted by various occupational health institutions through the Guangdong Province Occupational Health Quality Control Platform for the year 2022. Results In 2022, a total of 40 129 enterprises in Guangdong Province conducted regular monitoring of occupational hazards, accounting for 5.9%. More than 4.85 million workers were enrolled, of which more than 1.99 million workers were exposed to occupational hazards, with an incidence of 41.1%. The incidence of exposure to chemicals, dust, and noise were 18.2%, 11.9%, and 23.5%, respectively. The incidence of exceeding national standard for chemical substances, dust and noise in enterprises were 2.7%, 3.3%, and 42.7%, respectively. The incidence of exceeding national standard for all occupational hazards increased with the scale of enterprises from micro, small, medium to large enterprises (29.1% vs 46.7% vs 61.3% vs 65.4%, all P<0.05). The top three key industries, with more enterprises exceeding national standard, were metal furniture manufacturing, wooden furniture manufacturing, and other metal daily necessities manufacturing. The concentration of 97 chemical hazardous agents such as silica dust and benzene in work site exceeded the national standard, but less than 1.0% chemical hazardous agents exceeded national standard in most of the chemical-exposed work site. The incidence of noise exceeding national standard was 45.4%, while the incidence of silica dust exceeding national standard was 17.3%. Conclusion The percentage of regular monitoring of occupational hazards in enterprises in Guangdong Province is relatively low. The main occupational hazard that exceeds the national standard was noise, indicating the need for special attention on noise protection in workplace.

Analysis of radioactive occupational hazard and protective measures in iodine-125 seed source manufacturer / 中国职业医学

Objective To analyze the occupational hazards and protective measures for personnel in an iodine-125(125I) seed source production company. Methods In 2022, a 125I seed source production enterprise in Guangdong Province was selected as the research subject. The occupational hazards in the workplace of the research subject was identified using the system engineering analysis method. The FLUAK program based on Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the blocking protection of the production of the 125I seed source, and to estimate the dose of internal and external irradiation of seed source that affected workers. Results The main occupational radiation hazards in the seed production were non-sealed radioactive materials, including external irradiation from X-ray and γ ray and internal irradiation from aerosols formed by iodine volatilization. Estimated maximum dose equivalent rate around the chest and eye lens for workers were 0.52 and 0.02 μSv/h, respectively. The expected annual effective dose for workers in each work site was 0.035 mSv, and the expected annual equivalent dose to the eye lens for all workers in various work sites was 0.001 mSv. The maximum annual equivalent dose of operator's hand was 80.620 mSv. The maximum dose of internal irradiation to the worker was 18.750 mSv, which was caused by the volatilization of nuclides. Conclusion With effective protection measures for internal and external irradiation in place, the annual exposure doses for seed production personnel and operator’s hand are below the national limits. Adequate measures should be taken on hand protection.

Exploring occupational hazards and protective strategies in power generation enterprises / 中国职业医学

Currently, power generation in China is dominated by thermal power, wind power, nuclear power, and hydropower enterprises. The power source mainly comes from thermal power generation. The occupational hazards in thermal power station are noise, high temperature, power frequency electric fields, dust, and chemical toxins and so on, with noise and dust (silica and coal dust) being the primary factors. The occupational hazards in wind power station are noise, power frequency electric fields, high temperature, low temperature, and chemical toxins (sulfur hexafluoride, toluene, styrene, etc.), with noise and power frequency electric fields being the major concerns. The occupational radiation hazards in nuclear power station are gamma rays, beta rays, X-rays, neutrons, alpha rays, and radioactive aerosols. There is special attention in radiation protection but not enough protection in non-radioactive hazards such as noise, high temperature, and ammonia. The occupational hazards in hydropower station are noise, power frequency electric fields, vibration, radon and its de-composites, and chemical toxins, with noise and power frequency electric fields being the primary hazards. Different categories of power generation enterprises should identify key hazards and work site for occupational disease prevention and control based on the features of occupational hazards. Improving occupational health management and protection levels are essential measures.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial intralaborales y estrés en empleados de una compañía constructora de Colombia / Intra-labor psychosocial risk factors and stress in employees of a construction company Colombian

Los riesgos psicosociales intralaborales asociados al estrés interfieren de manera negativa en el bienestar de los trabajadores de las empresas. En el sector de la construcción, los riesgos de mayor atención están enfocados a cuidar la salud física, por tal motivo el ministerio de protección social de Colombia valido la batería de riesgo Psicosocial. Objetivo: Identificar los riesgos psicosociales asociados a los altos niveles de estrés en los empleados de una constructora de la Ciudad de Bucaramanga Santander, con el fin establecer medidas preventivas. Materiales y Métodos: La población objeto de estudio fueron los 101 empleados con que contaba la compañía constructora de Colombia, de los cuales se aplicó el instrumento a 98 de ellos. Estudio de tipo descriptivo, cuantitativo de corte transversal. Se aplicó la Batería de instrumentos para la evaluación de factores de riesgo psicosocial intralaboral validada. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo psicosocial intralaborales fueron el estrés en un nivel muy alto en un 40.8% y este tuvo una relación con las recompensas derivadas de la organización que presentaron un valor (P<0.01), seguido de las demandas del ambiente con un valor (P<0.02 y las exigencias de responsabilidad en el cargo con un valor (P<0.05). Conclusiones: Las dinámicas laborales del personal operativo generaron niveles de estrés muy altos. Los resultados de esta investigación evidenciaron que los síntomas asociados al estrés pueden afectar la salud física y mental de los colaboradores(AU)

Intra-labor Intra-labor psychosocial risks associated with stress interfere negatively with the company workers well-being. In the construction sector, the risks of greater attention are focused on taking care of physical health, for this reason the Ministry of Social Protection of Colombia validated the Psychosocial risk battery. Objective: To identify the psychosocial risks associated with high levels of stress in the employees of a construction company in the City of Bucaramanga Santander, in order to establish preventive measures. Materials and Methods: The population under study were the 101 employees of the Colombian construction company, of whom the instrument was applied to 98 of them. Descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study. The validated battery of instruments for the evaluation of intralabor psychosocial risk factors was applied. Results: The intra-labor psychosocial risk factors were: stress at a very high level in 40.8% and this had a relationship with the rewards derived from the organization that presented a value (P <0.01), followed by the demands of the environment with a value (P<0.02) and the demands of responsibility in the position with a value (P<0.05). Conclusions: The labor dynamics of the operative personnel generated very high levels of stress. The results of this investigation showed that the symptoms associated with stress can affect the physical and mental health of employees(AU)

Pneumoconiosis: Cumulative global research output

Due to continuous exposure to airborne respirable dust, miners are in danger of acquiring pneumoconiosis, a lung illness. Extra tiny particles in this sort of dust can be ingested into lung tissue which can result in pneumoconiosis creating disease conditions of disability with associated medical complications leading to premature death. This study tries to establish the current trends in pneumoconiosis research globally. A total of 950 results in the scholarly peer-reviewed publications from 2011-2020 curated from Web of Science Core Collection showed India to have contributed 20 records. This analysis also revealed that the most opted or chosen journal by the authors for the publication was the American Journal of Industrial Medicine. Apart from this, it was also seen that the scholars from Peoples R China and USA ranked highest in the list with almost half of the publications achieved alone. However, for Indian scholars to be counted among the lead global leaders, it is imperative that a more concerted effort is made in the specific area of pneumoconiosis research.

Acidentes ocupacionais entre cirurgiões-dentistas: exposição a material biológico / Occupational accidents among dental surgeons: exposure to biological material / Accidentes ocupacionales entre cirujanos dentistas: exposiciones a materiales biológicos

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar o perfil dos acidentes ocupacionais entre cirurgiões-dentistas, envolvendo material biológico, em Fortaleza, CE. Métodos O estudo tem caráter transversal de natureza descritiva e analítica, realizado em Fortaleza, CE, em 2020, a partir de uma amostra de 206 cirurgiões-dentistas. Além das frequências absolutas e percentuais, utilizaram-se testes de Qui-quadrado de Pearson e/ou Razão de verossimilhança, ao nível de significância de 5%. Encontraram-se 120 (58.3%) profissionais que sofreram acidentes e destes 107 (89%) através de lesão percutânea. Resultados Dos cirurgiões-dentistas que sofreram acidentes, envolvendo material biológico, identificou-se associação significativa entre ocorrência de acidentes com cirurgiões-dentistas que possuíam uma especialidade (p<0,001) e entre faixa etária e sexo (p=0,008). A maioria relatou ter sido imunizada contra hepatite B 193 (98%) e buscou testes de confirmação sorológica 101 (52%). A procura por atenção especializada após um acidente foi baixa 45 (38%). Conclusão Cirurgiões-dentistas no exercício do atendimento clínico estão passíveis de sofrerem acidentes. Medidas preventivas são importantes, como a utilização correta de equipamentos de proteção individual.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to determine the profile of occupational accidents among dental surgeons involving biological material, in the city of Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of descriptive and analytical nature, conducted in the city of Fortaleza, CE, in 2020, from a sample of 206 dental surgeons. Pearson's Chi-square and/or Likelihood Ratio tests at a 5% of significance level were used as well as absolute and percentage frequencies. Results A total of 120 (58.3%) professionals underwent accidents and 107 (89%) of these suffered from percutaneous injury. Considering dental surgeons who had accidents involving biological material, a significant association was identified between the occurrence of accidents with specialized professionals (p<0.001) and between age group and sex (p=0.008). The majority reported having been immunized against hepatitis B 193 (98%), and 101 (52%) of them sought serological confirmation tests. The demand for specialized care after an accident was low with a total of 45 (38%). Conclusion Dental surgeons in their exercise of clinical care are susceptible to under-going accidents. Preventive measures are important, such as the correct use of personal protective equipment.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el perfil de los accidentes de trabajo que afectan a cirujanos dentistas al utilizar material biológico. Métodos El estudio ha tenido un carácter transversal de tipo descriptivo y analítico. Se hizo en Fortaleza, CE, el 2020, con una muestra de 206 cirujanos dentistas. Más allá de las frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales, se hicieron pruebas de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y Razón de verosimilitud, al nivel de significación del 5%. Se encontraron 120 (el 58,3%) profesionales que sufrieron accidentes y, de estos, 107 (el 89%) con lesión percutánea. Entre los cirujanos que se han accidentado con material biológico se ha identificado una asociación significativa entre la ocurrencia de accidentes con cirujanos dentistas expertos (p>0,001) y entre la edad y sexo (p=0,008). Resultados La mayoría, 193 (el 98%), ha informado haber recibido inmunización contra hepatitis B y 101 (el 52%) se ha buscado confirmar por serología. La búsqueda por atención médica especializada después de un accidente ha sido baja 45 (el 38%). Conclusión Los cirujanos dentistas en servicio clínico son susceptibles de sufrir accidentes. Medidas de prevención como la utilización correcta del equipo de protección individual son importantes.

Occupational safety, best practices, and legislative review on small-scale mining in the Philippines

Introduction@#Small-scale mining (SSM) has been in the Philippines since the early 1900s and significant contributor to the local economy. SSM has contributed 14% of the country's total Gross Domestic Product and has a revenue share of about 19 billion pesos (380 million USD). @*Objectives@#This study aims to document mining occupational safety and health in SSM in the Philippines and identify best practices among miners and communities to reduce toxic chemical use in mining. It also aims to evolve laws and legislative measures on mining in the country as the basis for more aggressive policies and programs for SSM in the Philippines. @*Methods@#The data were based on gray literature, peer-reviewed journals, databases, government statistics, and secondary literature. Data were analyzed through critical appraisal on the impacts of mining in terms of occupational safety, mining issues, hazards, and disasters, environmental and health impact, as well as documentation of best practices in mining to reduce the use of toxic chemicals, and the current laws and legislations on mining in the Philippines. @*Results@#SSM or artisanal mining is categorized as part of the informal sector of the market economy. In the Philippines, the leading types of accidents in the mines are being hit by falling objects, suffocation from chemical fumes, and crushing injuries, exposure to intense heat, poor ventilation, vibration, dust, fumes, repetitive stress injury, intense noise, manual handling (e.g., lifting) of heavy machinery, and biological and chemical hazard. Occupational illnesses include skin diseases, emphysema, chronic obstructive lung disease, and hearing loss. Due to these risks, the Philippines has adopted mercury-free mining, cyanide reduction, and green and climate-smart mining. The use of borax in recovering gold from ore instead of mercury originated in the Philippines, which is now widely known as the mercury-free gravity-borax method adopted in Africa and Asia. The Philippines also has a plethora of laws covering mining as a whole. Developmental directives include enacting specific SSM laws and regulations, including a separate set of safety rules, and decentralizing the issue and control of SSM permits and licenses through local government units. Some noted legislative measures, Presidential Decrees, and Administrative Orders have been crafted to cover the safety net, equity, safety, and health for small-scale miners, among the most vulnerable working populations. @*Discussion@#Hazards and risks have been documented in SSM in the Philippines. However, the policies, legislation, and protective measures on SSM warrant more comprehensive coverage, implementation, and provision of social safety nets. @*Conclusion@#The study concludes that mining in the Philippines continues to be a problem as it produces adverse effects on workers' health, the community, and the environment. It is crucial to ensure the health and safety of mining workers, and all players and stakeholders must fulfill their respective roles. Governments and communities need to perform their regulatory and monitoring functions dutifully to build up their capacities to benefit mining communities that contribute much to the local economy.

Investigation on occupational hazards of non-coal mines in Hunan Province in 2021 / 中国职业医学

@#Abstract: Objective - To understand the status of occupational hazards in non coal mine mountains in Hunan Province. Methods - - A cross sectional survey was conducted on 432 non coal mining enterprises in Hunan Province in 2021. The field ， occupational health survey occupational disease hazard factors detection and occupational health monitoring data analysis were Results - carried out. Limited liability companies and private enterprises were the main economic types of non coal mining ， ， mountains in Hunan Province accounting for 55.3% and 32.4% respectively. The size of enterprises was mainly small and ， ； - micro enterprises accounting for 59.3% and 35.2% respectively 78.0% of the enterprises were in non metallic mining. The - ， over standard rates of silica dust and noise in workplaces were 17.1% and 29.4% respectively. The exposure rate of ， （P ） occupational hazard factor was 47.3%. The smaller the enterprise scale the higher the exposure rate <0.01 . The number of ， ， people exposed to silica dust and noise was the largest with the exposure rate of 29.4% and 31.0% respectively. The rates of ， occupational health training for persons in charge of enterprises occupational health management personnel and workers were ， ， ， 73.8% 73.4% and 85.0% respectively. The smaller the enterprise scale the lower the occupational health training rates of ， ， enterprise leaders occupational health management personnel and workers and the lower the implementation rates of （ P ） - - enterprise occupational health examination all <0.05 . The fully installed rate and effective rate of occupational disease ； prevention facilities were 6.9% and 1.6% respectively and the fully deployed rate and effective wearing rate of personal ， protective equipment were 11.1% and 6.2% respectively. The detection rates of occupational contraindications and suspected ， Conclusion occupational diseases in workers exposed to silica dust and noise were 2.0% and 2.9% respectively. The - ， occupational risks such as silica dust and noise are serious in non coal mine mountains of Hunan Province and the foundation of occupational health management is weak in small and micro enterprises.

The application of system epidemiology theory and methodology in occupational epidemiology / 中国职业医学

@#Abstract: Occupational epidemiology aims to explore the effect of occupational hazards on the health of workers and understand ， their mechanisms. It plays an important role in occupational health and occupational medicine.Currently occupational ， ， exposures in the workplace are complex and diverse and multiple factors affect workers´ health at the same time. Therefore it is important to elucidate the pathogenesis of occupational disease caused by occupational hazards and implement early - - intervention. System epidemiology collects data on multi level exposure and multi omics information to conduct network analysis - on the relationship amongrisk factors. and to study the mechanisms of exposures and health outcomes based on multi level data. ， ， ， ， Using the study design of system epidemiology occupational environmental lifestyle and social factors are combined as a ， system to evaluate the health of workers which can better evaluate the adverse health effects caused by occupational hazards. - ， ， The studies base on multi omics design will explore the pathogenesis of occupational diseases at the molecular cellular and tissue levels to evaluate the impact of occupational hazards on workers´ health and to explore interventions from multiple - perspectives to reduce the occurrence of occupational or work related diseases.

Investigation and analysis of occupational hazards in construction of power transmission and transformation project / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the occupational hazard factors and exposure levels of workers during the construction of power transmission and transformation projects. Methods: Analysis and identification of occupational hazard factors were carried out for typical construction process of 6 power transmission projects and 3 substation projects in September 2018. The on-site occupational health investigation was carried out to detect and analyze the exposure levels of workers to occupational hazard factors. Results: The time weighted average concentration (C(TWA)) of crushing workers exposed to silica dust and welders exposed to welding fume in substation projects were 2.72 and 14.03 mg/m(3), respectively. The 8 h equivalent sound level results of exposure noise of carpenters in power transmission projects and crushing workers, reinforcement workers, carpenters, scaffolders, road builders in substation projects were 87.9, 92.5, 87.1, 92.5, 93.0 and 90.2 dB (A) , respectively. The 4-hour time equal energy frequency weighted vibration acceleration of hand-transmitted vibration of bricklayer in power transmission projects, bricklayer, general worker 3, road builder 1 and road builder 2 of substation projects were 5.36, 5.21, 5.28, 10.71 and 5.22 m/s(2), respectively. The effective irradiance of electric welding arc light of welders' limbs in power transmission projects and substation projects were 401.19, 319.68 μW/cm(2), respectively. All of the above exceeded the requirements of occupational exposure limits. The occupational radiation levels and exposure limits of hazardous chemical factors met the requirements of each post. Conclusion: During the construction of power transmission and transformation projects, the exposure levels of occupational hazard factors in multiple posts exceed the standard. The main responsibility of employers for occupational disease prevention and control should be implemented, and targeted comprehensive measures should be taken to reduce the exposure levels of occupational hazard factors of workers.

Comparative analysis on occupational hazards of three welding operations / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the occupational hazards caused by three kinds of welding operations, and to provide data support for individual protection. Methods: In October 2020, the welding fumes, metal elements and welding arc generated by three welding operations of argon gas shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) , manual welding (ZS60A welding rod) and carbon dioxide shielded welding (907A flux cored wire) were collected and measured in the welding laboratory. The samples were analyze and compare in the laboratory, and the differences of the occupational hazard factors of the three welding operations were judged. Results: The concentration of welding fume produced by carbon dioxide shielded welding, manual welding (ZS60A electrode) , and argon gas shielded welding (JS80 welding wires) were 6.80 mg/m(3), 6.17 mg/m(3), and 3.13 mg/m(3), respectively. The effective irradiance of the welding arc outside the welding mask from high to low is manual welding (ZS60A electrode) , carbon dioxide shielded welding (907A flux-cored welding wire) , and argon shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) , respectively 1 010.7, 740.9, 589.5 μW/cm(2). The long-wave ultraviolet UVA intensity generated by argon shielded welding (JS80 welding wire) is the largest, which is 1 500 μW/cm(2). The content of Mn in the three welding operations is the highest, and JS80 welding wire has the highest Mn content of 128493.2 mg/kg. 907A flux cored wire has the highest Ti content, which is 24355.5mg/kg. The electrode ZS60A has the highest Cu content, which is 24422.12 mg/kg. Conclusion: The intensity of occupational hazards is different in the three kinds of welding operations, so the methods of personal protective equipment, field exposure assessment and health monitoring should be more targeted.

Riesgos del personal que labora en atención prehospitalaria: Reto para los servicios de emergencia / Risks of the staff working in Pre-Hospital care: A challenge for the emergency services

RESUMEN La atención prehospitalaria o la respuesta a una emergencia en el escenario prehospitalario, definido en un contexto internacional, comprende todas las intervenciones médicas y de transporte realizadas a pacientes que presentan eventos médicos o traumáticos en diferentes escenarios fuera del ámbito hospitalario. Quienes realizan la labor prehospitalaria deben enfrentarse a situaciones y escenarios variados, complejos y no controlados; todas estas situaciones implican estar expuestos a una variabilidad de riesgos que pueden ser prevenibles si se toman las medidas necesarias para mitigarlos. Los riesgos biológicos, biomecánicos, psicosociales, físicos, asociados a la violencia física y verbal, entre otros, exponen a este personal al desarrollo de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades laborales en muchas ocasiones de magnitudes severas y con graves consecuencias. Caracterizar la labor prehospitalaria plantea muchos desafíos, la atención del paciente varía con cada llamada, y esta, a su vez, presenta retos únicos dependiendo del estado clínico, la necesidad de cada paciente y el escenario donde se está presentando el evento. Conocer con más detalle los riesgos laborales de esta profesión que diariamente se expone a situaciones diversas y diseñar estrategias para mejorar la salud y el bienestar de los trabajadores de esta área, se traduce en una atención médica de emergencia más efectiva y eficiente, contribuyendo a mejorar la calidad y a fortalecer los sistemas de salud en el ámbito prehospitalario.

ABSTRACT In an international context, the Prehospital care or response to an emergency in the prehospital setting includes all medical and transport interventions performed on patients who have suffered medical or traumatic events in different scenarios outside the hospital setting. Those who perform prehospital work must face varied, complex, and uncontrolled situations and scenarios which involve the exposure to variability of risks that may be prevented if mitigation measures are taken in advance. The biological, biomechanical, psychosocial, and physical risks associated with physical and verbal violence, among others, expose these personnel to severe work accidents and occupational diseases, which represent serious consequences. Characterizing the prehospital work poses many challenges. Patient care, for example, varies with each call, and this in turn presents unique challenges depending on the clinical status, the need of each patient, and the setting where the event is taking place. Knowing in more detail the occupational risks of the staff working in prehospital care who, in fact, expose themselves to diverse situations, and designing strategies to improve their health and well-being, translates into more effective and efficient emergency medical care which contributes to improve quality and strengthen health systems in the prehospital setting.

Grado de riesgo biológico al manipular toxina botulínica como medicamento / Degree of Biohazard When Handling Botulinum Toxin as A Medication

Introducción: El uso de la toxina como medicamento constituye un riesgo biológico, debido a la presencia de la toxina, así como al uso indebido que se le puede dar. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de riesgo biológico al manipular toxina botulínica como medicamento. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en el Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, La Habana, Cuba, en 2017. Se aplicó una lista de chequeo de riesgo biológico a 6 profesionales del área de tratamiento de toxina botulínica. El resultado integrado de la lista de chequeo se analizó a través del método semicuantitativo "ERBIO". Resultados: La probabilidad se catalogó de "media", el cumplimiento de medidas de contención como "aceptable" y la exposición se consideró como "muy frecuente". Conclusiones: Se constató un grado de riesgo biológico "tolerable" al manipular la toxina botulínica como medicamento en el Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica. Esto implica que se deben considerar mejoras que no supongan una carga económica importante, que requerirán de comprobaciones periódicas para asegurar el mantenimiento de la eficacia de las medidas de control establecidas(AU)

Introduction: The use of the toxin as a medication constitutes a biological risk, due to the presence of the toxin, as well as the potential improper use. Objective: To evaluate the degree of biological risk when Handling botulinum toxin as a medication. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana, Cuba, in 2017. A biological risk checklist was applied to six professionals from the botulinum toxin treatment area. The integrated result of the checklist was analyzed through ERBIO semi-quantitative method. Results: The probability was classified as medium. Compliance with containment measures was assessed as acceptable and the exposure was considered as very frequent. Conclusions: A tolerable degree of biological risk was found when manipulating botulinum toxin as a medication at the International Center for Neurological Restoration. This implies that improvements should be considered not to imply a significant economic burden, which will require periodic checks to ensure the maintenance of the effectiveness of the established control measures(AU)

Identification of occupational hazards and analysis of prevention and control measures in a cigarette factory / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To identify occupational hazard factors and determine the critical control points in a cigarette factory, to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of prevention and control measures, and to put forward suggestions. Methods The occupational health survey combined with field detection was used to identify and analyze the occupational hazards in the workplace of a cigarette factory in Shandong Province. Results The occupational hazard factors in the cigarette factory were tobacco dust，other dusts，phosphine，methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, high temperature, power frequency electric field and noise. Except noise, other occupational hazard factors were within occupational exposure limits. The detection results of noise were 76.7~88.9 dB(A)，and the over standard rate was 24%. Conclusion The protective facilities and measures to control the level of dust and chemical poisons in the cigarette factory are feasible and effective. As the key control points of noise, it is necessary to further improve and optimize the anti-noise facilities and measures according to the key control points of occupational hazard factors to strengthen personal protection and prevent the occurrence of occupational diseases.

Occupational Health-Related Illness and Awareness Level among Dental Surgeons in International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan

@#Introduction: Dental surgeon exposes to numerous occupational hazards include the bloodborne pathogens, pharmaceuticals, ergonomic hazards, noise, vibration and workplace violence. It causes prolonged health effects on short or long term exposure include musculoskeletal disorder, back pain and other health issues. This study aimed to identify the awareness level of occupational hazards and experiences among dental surgeons and to determine whether preventive measures are employed. Methods: A cross-sectional study design and convenience sampling method had been used in this study. The Occupational Hazards in Dentistry questionnaire was self-administered by 39 dental surgeons in International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan. The data were analysed using descriptive, chi-square and thematic analysis. Results: The overall response rate was good (78%). Among the participants, 59% were female, and 41% were male. Half of the participants (59%) had worked for 11-20 years. The majority of the participants (82%) practised a correct posture while providing dental treatment. The most-reported pain areas were at the shoulder and neck and followed by the lower back. Approximately, 10% of the participants had been diagnosed with cervical spondylitis/ degenerative cervical discs. Most participants have taken preventive measures to reduce exposure to these occupational hazards. Conclusion: Work-related pain is common among dental surgeons. The most affected pain area is the shoulder and neck, followed by back and wrist pain. Occupational hazards can be alleviated effectively using a comprehensive approach. It is essential for dentistry to incorporate comprehensive strategies into practice to improve productivity and enhance occupational safety.

Investigation and analysis on the current situation of monitoring technical ability of radioactive occupational hazard factors in grass-roots disease control institutions in Gansu Province / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To master and analyze the current situation of the monitoring technical ability of the radiation occupational hazards in the grass-roots CDCs in our province, and to provide relevant scientific basis for the modernization of the occupational health technical support system of the radiation occupational hazards in our province. Methods By means of questionnaire, we investigated, summarized and analyzed the status of the department setting, personnel and equipment of the technical service institutions for monitoring radiation occupational hazards in grassroots CDCs in our province. Results In terms of department setting, the setting rate of city and state level is 40.0%, and that of county and district level is 12.8%. In terms of human resources, the average number of people in each institution is 2.6, of which 61.1% are part-time employees and 38.9% are full-time employees. The average number of employees in each institution at county and district level is 1.1, of which 95.7% are part-time employees and 4.3% are full-time employees. The educational background distribution of municipal and county-level institutions were mainly undergraduate, accounting for 80.5% and 50.0% respectively. The educational background of staff in municipal and state level institutions was mainly occupational health, accounting for 58.3%, while the education background of staff in county and district level institutions was mainly other disciplines of medical and health, accounting for 64.1%. Conclusion Therefore, health administrative departments at all levels should support and guide CDCs at all levels to speed up the system layout and basic capacity-building according to the construction standards of technical support system for occupational disease prevention and control.